Violencia en pareja en personas seropositivas: una revisión sistemática / Violência por parceiro íntimo em pessoas soropositivas: uma revisão sistemática / Partner violence in HIV-positive people: a systematic review

El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo, caracterizar la violenciaen pareja en personas con seropositividad (prevalencia,tipos de acciones violentas, variables de riesgo/ protectorasy consecuencias), para lo cual se realizó una revisión sistemáticaa través del protocolo PRISMA. La búsqueda de artículos serealizó en Scopus, Web of Science, Eric, Scielo y Pubmedpublicados hasta 2021. Se encontraron 113 artículos, de loscuales 22 cumplieron con los criterios de elegibilidad. Losresultados indican que la violencia en pareja en personasseropositivas, además de manifestarse de manera física,psicológica, patrimonial, sexual y verbal, se puede presentar através del uso del VIH para ejercer la violencia. La prevalenciavaría en función del contexto geográfico en un intervalo del19,6% al 43,1%; la cual es superior en población migrantey en hombres que tienen sexo con hombres (HSH) mujeresseropositivas, parejas no heterosexuales y en parejas en la queambos miembros son seropositivos. Las variables de riesgo/protectoras identificadas se asociaron con las dimensiones:informativas, motivacionales, de habilidades conductuales,sociodemográficas, culturales, de salud, sociofamiliares ypolíticas. Asimismo, se evidenciaron consecuencias sociales,económicas y de salud.(AU)

The objective of this work is to characterize partner violencein people with seropositivity (prevalence, types of violentactions, risk/protective variables, and consequences), for whicha systematic review was carried out through the PRISMAprotocol. The search for articles was carried out in Scopus,Web of Science, Eric, Scielo and Pubmed published up to 2021. 113 articles were found, of which 22 met the eligibilitycriteria. The results indicate that intimate partner violencein seropositive people, in addition to manifesting itself ina physical, psychological, patrimonial, sexual, and verbalway, can be presented using HIV to exercise violence. Theprevalence varies depending on the geographical contextin a range from 19.6% to 43.1%, which is higher in themigrant population and in men who have sex with men(MSM), seropositive women, non-heterosexual couples andin couples in which both members are seropositive. Therisk/protective variables identified were associated with thedimensions: informational, motivational, behavioral skills,sociodemographic, cultural, health, socio-family and political.Likewise, social, economic and health consequences wereevidenced.(AU)

O objetivo deste trabalho é caracterizar a violência conjugalem pessoas com soropositividade (prevalência, tipos de açõesviolentas, variáveis de risco/proteção e consequências), paraa qual foi realizada uma revisão sistemática por meio doprotocolo PRISMA. A busca de artigos foi realizada no Scopus,Web of Science, Eric, Scielo e Pubmed publicados até 2021.Foram encontrados 113 artigos, dos quais 22 atenderamaos critérios de elegibilidade. Os resultados indicam que aviolência por parceiro íntimo em pessoas soropositivas, alémde se manifestar de forma física, psicológica, patrimonial,sexual e verbal, pode se apresentar por meio do uso do HIVpara exercer a violência. A prevalência varia de acordo como contexto geográfico em uma faixa de 19,6% a 43,1%; queé maior na população migrante e em homens que fazemsexo com homens (HSH), mulheres soropositivas, casais nãoheterossexuais e em casais em que ambos os membros sãosoropositivos. As variáveis de risco/proteção identificadasforam associadas às dimensões: informacional, motivacional,habilidades comportamentais, sociodemográficas, culturais,de saúde, sociofamiliares e políticas. Da mesma forma, foramevidenciadas consequências sociais, econômicas e de saúde.(AU)

Problematic use of WhatsApp and adolescents: What educational role do parents play? / Uso problemático de WhatsApp entre adolescentes: ¿Qué papel educativo juegan los padres y las madres?

The goal of this study is to understand the relationship between the problematic use of WhatsApp among young adolescents and parental mediation. The rise of mobile phone use among young people is a cause for concern, especially among parents themselves. The literature suggests that parents have a certain amount of room for maneuver through different parental strategies (parental mediation) to maximize the benefits of technology and reduce its possible risks, although this has not been sufficiently analyzed in the case of problematic use of the mobile phone and its applications. This study therefore examined three different parental mediation strategies (restrictive, modeling and stimulation) and their possible impact on the problematic use of WhatsApp. The sample comprised 1,144 13- and 14-year-old students during three academic years (2015-2018) in 17 schools in 7 Spanish provinces. One of the novelties of the study was the use of adolescent voices to understand the parental mediation of their parents. The results showed a direct relationship between the level of restrictive mediation and a problematic use of WhatsApp. In addition, the number of mobile phones that students have enjoyed, as well as whether parents use their mobile phone during dinner, also has a positive relationship with the problematic use of WhatsApp. These results are useful for understanding a responsible use of the mobile phone, as well as to guide parents about the problematic use of WhatsApp among adolescents.

El objetivo del presente estudio es comprender la relación entre el uso problemático del WhatsApp entre jóvenes adolescentes y la mediación parental. El auge del uso del teléfono móvil entre los jóvenes es motivo de preocupación, especialmente entre los propios padres y madres. La literatura sugiere que los progenitores disponen de cierto margen de maniobra a partir de distintas estrategias parentales (mediación parental) para maximizar los beneficios de la tecnología, y reducir sus posibles riesgos, sin ser suficientemente analizadas en el caso del uso problemático del móvil y sus aplicaciones. Por este motivo, este estudio examina tres distintas estrategias de mediación parental (restrictiva, modelado y estimulación) y su posible impacto en el uso problemático del WhatsApp. Para ello, se empleó una muestra de 1.144 estudiantes de 13 y 14 años durante tres cursos académicos (2015-2018) en 17 colegios de 7 provincias españolas. Una de las novedades del estudio es el uso de las voces de los adolescentes para comprender la mediación parental de sus padres. Los resultados muestran una relación entre el nivel de mediación restrictiva y un uso problemático de WhatsApp. Además, el número de móviles que han gozado los estudiantes, así como si los padres cenan con el móvil durante la cena también tiene una relación positiva con el uso problemático de WhatsApp. Estos resultados son útiles para entender un uso responsable del teléfono móvil, así como para orientar a padres sobre el uso problemático de WhatsApp entre adolescentes.

Implementación generalizada del diagnóstico en un solo paso (DUSP) de la hepatitis C en Galicia: resultados para la reflexión / Generalized implementation of reflex testing of hepatitis C in Galicia: Results for reflection

Introducción: La implementación del diagnóstico en un solo paso (DUSP) de la infección activa por virus de la hepatitis C (VHC) conjuntamente con la incorporación de alertas informativas ha demostrado que reduce de forma significativa, respecto al diagnóstico tradicional, la cifra de pacientes que no eran remitidos para valoración terapéutica. Métodos: A partir de la implementación en 2018 del DUSP en los servicios de microbiología de los hospitales del Servicio Gallego de Salud (SERGAS), se identifican y caracterizan de manera retrospectiva los nuevos diagnósticos de infección activa por VHC. Resultados: En 2018 se identificaron mediante DUSP un total de 258 pacientes con infección activa por VHC desconocida (70,2% hombres, mediana de edad de 52 años) procedentes de consultas de unidades de atención primaria y especializada en un 54,8% y 39,8%, respectivamente, así como de otras localizaciones en un 5,4%. De los 258 pacientes, el 81,0% fueron derivados para valoración terapéutica, con una mediana de 54 días desde su diagnóstico. En el 58,3% de los casos se determinó el DUSP mediante carga viral, el genotipo predominante fue el 1a (30,7%), un 52,1% fue tratado y se observó una respuesta viral sostenida en el 93,7% de estos. Conclusión: La implementación en toda Galicia del DUSP de la hepatitis C conjuntamente con alertas informativas ha permitido obtener, en conjunto, tasas de derivación para tratamiento similares a las obtenidas en otros estudios. Sin embargo, existe una amplia variabilidad entre los distintos centros, que exigen la incorporación de mejoras, como la formación o la utilización de medidas de rescate para su optimización.(AU)

Introduction: The implementation of reflex testing of active hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, together with the incorporation of informative alerts in the reports, has shown that it significantly reduces the number of patients who were not referred for therapeutic evaluation. Methods: Since the implementation in 2018 of the DUSP in the microbiology services of the Galician Health Service hospitals (SERGAS), new diagnoses of active HCV infection have been retrospectively identified and characterized. Results: In 2018, a total of 258 patients with unknown active HCV infection (70,2% men, middle age 52 years) were identified through by reflex testing from consultations of primary and specialized care units in 54.8% and 39.8% respectively, as well as from other locations by 5.4%. Of the 258 patients, 81.0% were referred for therapeutic evaluation, with a median of 54 days from their diagnosis. In 58.3% of the cases the reflex testing was determined by viral load, the predominant genotype was 1a (30,7%) and 52,1% were treated, observing sustained viral response in 93.7% of these. Conclusion: The generalized implementation of the HCV reflex testing together with informative alerts in Galicia has allowed us to obtain referral rates for treatment similar to those obtained in other studies. However, there is a wide variability between the different centers that require the incorporation of improvements, such as training or the use of rescue measures for optimization.(AU)

Actitudes negativas e interiorización de mitos hacia las personas trans en estudiantes mexicanas de Trabajo Social / Negative attitudes and internalization of myths towards trans people in Mexican Social Work students

Resumen Debido al arquetipo tradicional del género como una construcción binaria, la visibilidad emergente de la comunidad trans sigue siendo una cuestión social cargada de mitos y actitudes discriminatorias. El objetivo de este trabajo fue construir y validar dos escalas, una de actitudes negativas hacia las personas transexuales y transgénero y otra sobre la interiorización de mitos sobre las personas trans. Se trabajó con una muestra aleatoria estratificada de 302 mujeres de la Facultad de Trabajo Social de la Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León (UANL) en Monterrey (México). La escala de actitudes está conformada por 26 ítems agrupados en tres dimensiones y la escala de interiorización de mitos hacia la transexualidad, por 25 ítems agrupados en cuatro dimensiones. Ambos instrumentos se diseñaron con formato de respuesta tipo Likert con puntajes de 1 a 5. El ajuste de ambas escalas se probó mediante indicadores de consistencia interna, con valores satisfactorios de alfa de Cronbach en cuanto a la escala de actitudes (transfobia institucional: .878, malestar personal: .882, desviación/cambiabilidad: .745) y para la escala de mitos (conducta y orientación sexual: .739, sistema sexo/género: .638, relacional: .769, aspectos psicológicos y medicalización: .835). Por otro lado, se realizó el análisis de modelamiento por ecuaciones estructurales y se obtuvieron índices de ajuste satisfactorios y relaciones aceptables entre las escalas. Se encontraron puntuaciones más altas en la escala de mitos que en la escala de actitudes; esto se explica en parte por la reproducción de acciones estigmatizantes hacia las personas trans. Se corrobora que las actitudes y los mitos se correlacionan de forma directa entre sí.

Abstract Due to the traditional archetype of gender as a binary construction, the emerging visibility of the transgender community (transsexuals, transgender and transvestites) remains as a social issue with myths and discriminatory attitudes. Also, it is generally accepted that social attitudes toward minority groups are related to opinions about policy affecting those groups. After reviewing past literature and existing measures about attitudes towards transgendered people, it is well-known that their construction includes items referring to attitudes, myths and stereotypes. This study aimed to develop and validate two scales: (1) Attitudes toward transgender scale (attitudes scale); and (2) Myths about transgender individuals (myths scale). Quantitative analysis comes from a stratified random sampling of Social Work undergraduate female students (n = 302) at the Faculty of Social Work of the Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León (UANL), in Mexico (95 % confidence level and 5 % margin of error). The attitudes scale evaluates the responses for a total of 38 items (14 inverted) divided into 3-item subscales: institutional transphobia, personal discomfort, and deviance/changeability. The myths scale includes a total of 39 items (13 inverted) grouped into 4-item subscales: sexual behavior and orientation, the sex/gender system, relational aspects (labor issues and social influence), and psychological aspects and medicalization. In this study, undergraduate students completed a survey containing both scales and a number of validity-testing variables. Each item took the form of a statement with which participants were asked to rate their agreement on a 5-point Likert-type scale from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree). Within each half of the questionnaire, items were rotated randomly to minimize potential order effects in participant's responses. Higher scores indicated greater anti-transgender prejudice, while lower scores indicated less prejudice. Items in which saturation is similar in two or more factors are excluded from the analysis, and items with greater relevance in the attitudinal scale and better theoretical dimension are maintained. The attitudes scale consists of 26 items and the myths scale, 25 items. Initial test of the scale's Cronbach's alpha(s) indicated that sub-scales are highly reliable as follows: for the attitude scale's alpha(s) (institutional transphobia: .878, personal discomfort: .882, deviation/changeability: .745); and for the myths scale alpha(s) (sexual behavior and orientation: .739, sex/gender system: .638, relational: .769, psychological aspects and medicalization: .835). Next, the hypothesized structural model was tested to evaluate the unique relationships of each scale and its subscales. Overall, fit index values of the structural model were found for the myths scale and the attitudes scale. These results explain the reproduction of stigmatizing actions towards transgender people. Also, it is confirmed that attitudes and myths are directly correlated with each other. In methodological terms, the results demonstrate that the attitudes scale and myths scale, as well as its subscales independently, offer a consistent, valid and useful measure of attitudes toward transgender community. Based on the results, it is confirmed that ignorance about transsexual and transgender people represent an influential factor for discriminatory attitudes; the deepness of the myths about transgender people are outlined as means of production of stereotypes. Taking into consideration the intolerance towards LGTBI community and especially towards transsexual people, the use of scales to determine the level of aversion and the internalization of myths is particularly important to prevent situations of victimization. This study contributes to research on anti-transgender prejudice by examining the relations of such prejudice with a number of theoretically relevant constructs. Results from this study suggest that anti-transgender prejudice is more closely related to sexual orientation and gender role-specific attitudes. Future studies are seeking to address other populations such as education and labor institutions, in order to design preventive engagements concerning attitudes about transphobia, transmission of erroneous information and actions to prevent the re-victimization of transgender people in different contexts.

Generalized implementation of reflex testing of hepatitis C in Galicia: Results for reflection.

INTRODUCTION: The implementation of reflex testing of active hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, together with the incorporation of informative alerts in the reports, has shown that it significantly reduces the number of patients who were not referred for therapeutic evaluation. METHODS: Since the implementation in 2018 of the DUSP in the Microbiology Services of the Galician Health Service hospitals (SERGAS), new diagnoses of active HCV infection have been retrospectively identified and characterized. RESULTS: In 2018, a total of 258 patients with unknown active HCV infection (70,2% men, middle age 52 years) were identified through by reflex testing from consultations of primary and specialized care units in 54.8% and 39.8% respectively, as well as from other locations by 5.4%. Of the 258 patients, 81.0% were referred for therapeutic evaluation, with a median of 54 days from their diagnosis. In 58.3% of the cases the reflex testing was determined by viral load, the predominant genotype was 1a (30,7%) and 52,1% were treated, observing sustained viral response (SVR) in 93.7 % of these. CONCLUSION: The generalized implementation of the HCV reflex testing together with informative alerts in Galicia has allowed us to obtain referral rates for treatment similar to those obtained in other studies. However, there is a wide variability between the different centers that require the incorporation of improvements, such as training or the use of rescue measures for optimization.

El sexting como vía de materialización de la violencia: prácticas y consecuencias en alumnado universitario de Nuevo León y Jalisco / Sexting as a means of materializing violence: practices and consequences in university students of Nuevo León and Jalisco

El sexting hace referencia a la recepción, envío y/o reenvío de fotografías, videos y/o mensajes de texto de contenido erótico-sexual a través del teléfono y/o medios virtuales. Se propone este estudio con el objetivo de determinar si las variables relativas al sexo, la situación sentimental, las creencias religiosas y el nivel de instrucción son determinantes en las actitudes, las conductas y las consecuencias del sexting en el alumnado universitario de Nuevo León y Jalisco. Mediante una metodología cuantitativa y un muestreo aleatorio simple se analizó una muestra de 610 alumnos de la Licenciatura de Trabajo Social de la Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León y la Universidad de Guadalajara. Los resultados revelan que el 79,5% realiza sexting pasivo y el 53,6% sexting activo; asimismo el 27,9% declara haber recibo coacciones, el 10,8% chantajes y el 4% burlas. Con base en estos resultados se considera necesario proponer medidas preventivas desde el ámbito educativo y comunitario.

El VIH como vía de materialización de la Violencia de Género e Intragénero / HIV as a means of materializing Gender Violence and violence in same-sex couples

OBJETIVO: El objetivo general de esta investigación consiste en identificar la prevalencia y características de la violencia en pareja (perpetrador/a y receptor/a) en pacientes seropositivos adscritos al Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS) de Nuevo León (México). MÉTODO: Se ha planteado una investigación cuantitativa, a través de un diseño descriptivo y transversal, utilizando como instrumento principal la escala Likert de violencia en la relación de pareja de Cienfuegos y la escala Likert sobre el uso del VIH como vía de materialización de la violencia. Se aplicaron 265 cuestionarios autoadministrados y se obtuvo una muestra de 198 pacientes. RESULTADOS: Existe una prevalencia de la violencia en pareja como receptor/a del 40.40% y como perpetrador/a del 40.90%, siendo en ambas formas la violencia psicológica la más frecuente. La prevalencia del uso del VIH como vía de materialización de la violencia en pareja como receptor/a es del 4.54% y como perpetrador/a del 2.52%. Existe una mayor proporción de víctimas y agresores mujeres, no heterosexuales y de parejas en la que ambos miembros son seropositivos; así como en pacientes con mayor nivel de apego seguro y satisfacción con la vida. CONCLUSIONES: Al igual que en la VG, se constata la existencia de violencia en relaciones formas por personas del mismo sexo en la que alguno de sus miembros es seropositivo/a. Asimismo, se corrobora que el VIH se utiliza como medio para ejercer la violencia en pareja

OBJECTIVE: The general objective of this research is to identify the prevalence and characteristics of partner violence (perpetrator and recipient) in HIV positive patients enrolled in the Mexican Institute of Social Security (IMSS, in Spanish) in the state of Nuevo Leon, Mexico. METHODOLOGY: A quantitative research was proposed, through a descriptive and transversal design, using as main instrument the Likert scale of violence in partner relationships of Cienfuegos and the Likert scale on the use of HIV as a means to materialize violence. We applied 265 self-administered questionnaires and obtained a statistic sample of 198 patients. RESULTS: There is a prevalence of partner violence of 40.40% as a receiver and of 40.90% as a perpetrator, psychological violence is the most frequent form in both cases. The prevalence of the use of HIV as a means of materializing partner violence as a recipient is of 4.54% and of 2.52% as a perpetrator. There is a higher proportion of non-heterosexual female victims and aggressors, and of couples in which both members are HIV positive; as well as in patients with a higher level of secure attachment and satisfaction with life. CONCLUSIONS: As in GBV (gender-based violence), there is evidence of the existence of violence in same-sex relationships in which one of the members is HIV positive. Likewise, it is possible to corroborate that HIV is used as a means to exercise partner violence

Generalized implementation of reflex testing of hepatitis C in Galicia: Results for reflection. / Implementación generalizada del diagnóstico en un solo paso (DUSP) de la hepatitis C en Galicia: resultados para la reflexión.

INTRODUCTION: The implementation of reflex testing of active hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, together with the incorporation of informative alerts in the reports, has shown that it significantly reduces the number of patients who were not referred for therapeutic evaluation. METHODS: Since the implementation in 2018 of the DUSP in the microbiology services of the Galician Health Service hospitals (SERGAS), new diagnoses of active HCV infection have been retrospectively identified and characterized. RESULTS: In 2018, a total of 258 patients with unknown active HCV infection (70,2% men, middle age 52 years) were identified through by reflex testing from consultations of primary and specialized care units in 54.8% and 39.8% respectively, as well as from other locations by 5.4%. Of the 258 patients, 81.0% were referred for therapeutic evaluation, with a median of 54 days from their diagnosis. In 58.3% of the cases the reflex testing was determined by viral load, the predominant genotype was 1a (30,7%) and 52,1% were treated, observing sustained viral response in 93.7% of these. CONCLUSION: The generalized implementation of the HCV reflex testing together with informative alerts in Galicia has allowed us to obtain referral rates for treatment similar to those obtained in other studies. However, there is a wide variability between the different centers that require the incorporation of improvements, such as training or the use of rescue measures for optimization.

[Literature review on studies of women who have sex with women]. / Revisión narrativa sobre estudios de mujeres que tienen sexo con mujeres.

Women who have sex with other women are a group that has been mostly invisible from public health policies. This category includes the group of lesbians, bisexual women, heterosexual behaviour, and homosexual practices, who have sexual relations with transsexual and transgender (trans) women and trans men who have sex with women. In the absence of a Spanish literature review of a study that addresses women who have sex with other women, a narrative bibliographic review was done using the PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, Dialnet, and Taylor and Francis databases. From a universe of 679 articles and after applying the inclusion criteria, 40 documents were analysed, from 1998 to 2019. Three meta-categories were identified (sexual education, the incidence of certain sexually transmitted infections, and aspects related to sexual practices), concerning prevention and risky behaviours. Women who have sex with other women are a particularly vulnerable group when it comes to sexually transmitted infections. These may include bacterial vaginitis, human papillomavirus and acquired immunodeficiency virus. Likewise, there is a lack of specific training and information in health and education professionals, as well as in women who have sex with other women.

Las mujeres que tienen sexo con otras mujeres son un colectivo invisibilizado en gran parte de las políticas públicas de salud. Comprende el conjunto de mujeres lesbianas, bisexuales, con conductas heterosexuales y con prácticas homosexuales, que tienen relaciones sexuales con mujeres transexuales y/o transgénero (trans) y hombres trans que tienen sexo con mujeres. Al no identificar una revisión bibliográfica en español sobre estudios que aborden las mujeres que tienen sexo con otras mujeres, se plantea una revisión narrativa haciendo uso de las bases de datos MEDLINE/PubMed, Scopus, Dialnet y Taylor and Francis; a partir de un universo de 679 artículos. Tras aplicar los criterios de inclusión, se analizaron 40 documentos insertos en un intervalo comprendido entre 1998 y2019. A través de los cuales se identificaron tres metacategorías refrentes a cuestiones relacionadas con la educación sexual, la incidencia de determinadas infecciones de transmisión sexual y aspectos relacionados con prácticas sexuales, tanto preventivas como de riesgo. Los resultados obtenidos ponen de manifiesto que las mujeres que tienen sexo con otras mujeres son un grupo especialmente vulnerable en lo que se refiere a infecciones de transmisión sexual y, especialmente, en la vaginosis bacteriana, el virus del papiloma humano y el virus de inmunodeficiencia adquirida. Asimismo, se constata la falta de formación e información específica en los profesionales del ámbito sanitario y educativo, así como en las mujeres que tienen sexo con otras mujeres, lo cual se reproduce tanto en el imaginario como en las prácticas sexuales que llevan a cabo.

Complicaciones focales en salmonelosis, 13 casos entre los años 1996 y 2002 en Galicia, España / Focal complications in salmonelosis: 13 cases among 1996 - 2002 in Galicia, Spain

El género salmonella incluye enterobacterias responsables de numerosos casos de patología infecciosa. Las complicaciones focales son poco frecuentes. Se realizó el estudio retrospectivo entre los años 1996 y 2002 de los casos diagnosticados en el Hospital Clínico de Santiago de Compostela, España. Se diagnosticaron 153 casos como infección por salmonella, de los que 13 (8,5%) presentaron complicaciones. Las edades incluidas fueron entre 17 y 80 años, con una mediana de 37 años, de los que nueve casos (69%) eran hombres y en 7 (54%) no existían factores de riesgo asociados. En 12 pacientes (93%) existía antecedente de gastroenteritis. Los diagnósticos se realizaron por coprocultivo (5 casos), en 6 pacientes (46%) por hemocultivo, en otros 3 casos ambos fueron positivos. Las complicaciones incluyeron absceso esplénico, neumonía, endocarditis, endarteritis, sepsis, hepatitis y artritis reactiva. No existió un claro predominio estacional. El antibiótico pautado fue en 8 pacientes (64%) ciprofloxacino; tres pacientes fueron intervenidos. Dos pacientes fallecieron. En esta serie de casos se concluyó que la prevalencia y morbimortalidad de complicaciones, es elevada. La presentación más habitual es sepsis (4 casos), neumonía (3 casos) y absceso esplénico (2 casos), frente a la osteomuscular o partes blandas (1 caso). Se detectó bacteriemia en un porcentaje elevado de los casos...

Genus salmonella includes enterobacteriaes responsible of a great amount of infectious diseases. Focal complications are not frecuent. We conducted a 5 retrospective study between 1996 and 2002. We included 153 cases with salmonella infection, 13 of which (8, 5%) with ages between 17 and 80 years (median 37) presented focal complications. Nine of the patients were male (69%) and in 7 cases (54%) risk factors were present, 12 (93%) presented previously gastroenteric signs. Microbiological diagnosis established through stool examination (5 cases), in 6 (46%) with blood culture, in other 3 cases, both were positive. Complications included splenic abscess, pneumonia,endocarditis, endarteritis, sepsis, hepatitis and reactive arthritis. No clear seasonal pattern was established. Eight patients (64%) received ciprofloxacin. Three patients were surgically treated. Two patients died. Conclusion: In our series prevalence and morbimortality in focal complications is high. The most common presentation was sepsis (4 cases), pneumonia (3) and splenic abscess (2). Bacteraemia was documented in a high percentage of cases. No seasonal pattern was established...

Old Pathogens and old drugs

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